A sociedad de responsabilidad limitada (SL) is a Spanish capital company; it is not a cooperative or automatically non-profit. RDL1/2010 arts1–4 provides share-participation structure/limited ordinary member liability. Minimum share capital€1; until capital reaches€3,000, at least20%of profits must build the statutory reserve and members can have specified liquidation shortfall liability up to the€3,000difference. Capital is not the total incorporation cost or a lender’s required equity.
Formation requires public deed and Registro Mercantil registration (art20); one-member formation is possible (arts12,19). Pre-registration dealings, director duties and personal guarantees have separate exposure. Title ownership, affordable/protected-housing conditions and credit capacity are independent gates.
es-ico-espana-crece-modalidad-i, es-ico-espana-crece-modalidad-ii and es-ico-espana-crece-modalidad-iii require exclusive-purpose Spanish capital-company SPVs plus mode-specific experienced/solvent groups; an ordinary low-capital SL does not thereby qualify. National protected/private-land and PPP grant frameworks may include companies, but territorial award/tender and resident restrictions remain necessary.